영어 이야기
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영어 이야기과거보다 먼저 일어난 얘기 할땐 had+p.p 쓰죠
There were rumours of strange things happening in the world outside; and as Gandalf had not at that time appeared or sent any message for several years, Frodo gathered all the news he could. Elves, who seldom walked in the Shire, could now be seen passing westward through the woods in the evening, passing and not returning; but they were leaving Middle-earth and were no longer concerned with its troubles. There were, however, dwarves on the road in unusual numbers. The ancient East-West Road ran through the Shire to its end at the Grey Havens, and dwarves had always used it on their way to their mines in the Blue Mountains. They were the hobbits’ chief source of news from distant parts - if they wanted any: as a rule dwarves said little and hobbits asked no more. But now Frodo often met strange dwarves of far countries, seeking refuge in the West. They were troubled, and some spoke in whispers of the Enemy and of the Land of Mordor.That name the hobbits only knew in legends of the dark past, like a shadow in the background of their memories; but it was ominous and disquieting. It seemed that the evil power in Mirkwood had been driven out by the White Council only to reappear in greater strength in the old strongholds of Mordor. The Dark Tower had been rebuilt, it was said.- J.R.R. Tolkien의 《The Fellowship of the Ring》에서 -바깥세상에서 일어나고 있는 이상한 일에 대한 소문이 있었다. 간달프가 그 당시에는 나타나지도 않았고, 몇 년 동안 아무 메시지도 보내지 않았기에 프로도는 가능한 모든 소식을 모았다. 샤이어에 거의 들어오지 않았던 요정들이 저녁에 숲을 가로질러 서쪽으로 이동하는 모습이 목격되었는데, 요정들이 서쪽으로 가기는 했으나 돌아오지는 않았다. 그들은 가운데땅을 떠나고 있었고, 그곳의 문제에 더 이상 관심을 갖지 않게 되고 있었던 것이었다. 하지만 난쟁이들은 자주 길에 나
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영어 이야기수동형 동사·~ing·형용사는 왜 앞 명사를 수식할까요
In this century, the most famous argument that language is like an instinct comes from Noam Chomsky, the linguist who first unmasked the intricacy of the system and perhaps the person most responsible for the modern revolution in language and cognitive science. In the 1950s the social sciences were dominated by behaviorism, the school of thought popularized by John Watson and B. F. Skinner. Behavior was explained by a few laws of stimulus-response learning that could be studied with rats pressing bars and dogs salivating to tones. But Chomsky called attention to two fundamental facts about language. First, virtually every sentence that a person utters or understands is a brand-new combination of words, appearing for the first time in the history of the universe. The second fundamental fact is that children develop these complex grammars rapidly and without formal instruction and grow up to give consistent interpretations to novel sentence constructions that they have never before encountered. Therefore, he argued, children must innately be equipped with a plan common to the grammars of all languages, a Universal Grammar, that tells them how to distill the syntactic patterns out of the speech of their parents.- Steven Pinker <The Language Instinct: The New Sciensce of Language ans Mind >에서 -이번 세기 들어 언어는 본능과 같다는 가장 유명한 주장은 노엄 촘스키로부터 비롯됐다. 그는 언어 시스템의 복잡성을 최초로 밝힌 학자이고, 오늘날의 언어와 인지 과학 혁명을 일으킨 인물이다. 1950년대 사회과학은 존 왓슨과 B F 스키너에 의해 널리 알려진 행동주의 학파에 장악됐다. 막대기를 누르는 쥐와 신호음에 침을 흘리는 개를 통해 자극과 반응으로 이뤄지는 학습이 연구됐고, 이 학습과 관련된 몇 개 법칙으로 행동은 설명됐다. 하지만 촘스키는 언어에 대한 두 가지 근본적인 사실에 주의를 환